Postdoctoral Researchers
Michael Kobina Danquah
- BSc. (1st Class Honours) Chem. Eng., KNUST - Ghana, 2004
- Ph.D (Biochemical Engineering), Monash University, Australia, 2008
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Monash University), 2008 – present
- Office: Room 104, Building 37 Engineering
- Email:
michael.danquah@eng.monash.edu.au
Professional Affiliations
- American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), 2007
- Minority Affairs Committee (MAC), AIChE, 2007
- Minority Faculty Forum (MFF), AIChE, 2007
- Monash Infection and Immunity Network (MIIN), Monash University, 2007
- Australian Biotechnology Organisation (Ausbiotech), 2006
- National Society of Black Engineers, 2004
- Ghana Institute of Engineers, 2004
Current Research and Professional Interests
- Nucleic acid-based therapeutics production and analysis
- Antibody production, immobilization and orientation
- Engineering and immunoassay development
- Microbial fermentation science and technology
- Food processing technology
- Bioseparation media design and functionalisation
- Immobilization and surface chemistry of biomolecules
- Downstream processing and biomolecule purification
- Drug/vaccine delivery
- Molecular biological techniques and handling of micro-organisms
- Molecular protein chemistry and engineering
- Biomolecular conjugation and interactions
- Affinity ligand design and characterisation
- BioMEMS for protein detection
- Protein transport through mesoporous material,
- Plant-made vaccines
- Lipid extraction from algae
Selected Publications and Presentations
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M., Large-volume methacrylate monolith for plasmid
purification. Process engineering approach to synthesis and application.
Journal of Chromatography A (In press, 2008)
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M, Preparation of macroporous methacrylate
monolithic material with convective flow properties for bioseparation:
Investigating the kinetics of pore formation and hydrodynamic performance,
Journal of Chemical Engineering (Accepted 2008)
- Danquah M. K, Jenny Ho, Forde G. M., A thermal expulsion approach to
homogeneous large-volume methacrylate monolith preparation; enabling
large-scale rapid purification of biomolecules. Journal of Applied Polymer
Science (Accepted 2008)
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M, The suitability of DEAE-Cl active groups on
customized poly(GMA-co-EDMA) continuous stationary phase for fast
enzyme-free isolation of plasmid DNA. Journal of Chromatography B, 853
(2007) 38–46
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M., Towards the design of a scalable and
commercially-viable technique for plasmid purification using a methacrylate
monolithic stationary phase. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 82 (2007) 752–757
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M., Enhancing methacrylate monolith-based
downstream processes to champion plasmid DNA production. Journal of
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 48 (2007) 85–91
- Danquah M. K, Jenny Ho, Forde G. M., Performance of R-N(R′)-R″
functionalised poly(glycidyl methacrylate–co–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)
monolithic sorbent for plasmid DNA adsorption. Journal of Separation
Science, 30 (2007) 2843-2850
- Michael Danquah, Gareth Forde, Rapid therapeutic plasmid DNA isolation:
Addressing the looming vaccine crisis. BIOforum Europe Journal, 11/06
(2006):24-25
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M., Growth medium selection and its economic
impact on plasmid DNA production. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
104 (6) (2007) 490-497
- Jenny Ho, Michael Danquah, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang, 'Protein
Loaded Mesoporous Silica Spheres as a Controlled Delivery Platform’ Journal
of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 83 (2008) 351-358
- Michael Danquah and Gareth M. Forde, 'Process Engineering Aspects of
Plasmid-Based Biopharmaceutical Production: Tackling the Threatening Vaccine
Shortages to Prevent Global Pandemics', AIChE Annual Meeting 2007, Utah -
US, 2007
- Michael Danquah and Gareth M. Forde, 'A Scalable and Whole-systems
Approach to Therapeutic Plasmid DNA Production: Meeting Fast Turn-Around and
Future Demand of Plasmid-Based Biopharmaceutical Products', CHEMECA 2007,
Australia, 2007
- Michael Danquah and Gareth M. Forde, 'Designing a whole-systems
approach to therapeutic plasmid DNA manufacture’ Monash Infection and
Immunity Network Symposium, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne-Australia,
2007
- Danquah M. K, Forde G. M., Rapid production of therapeutic plasmid DNA;
A fundamental engineering approach to vaccine crisis; Ausbiotech Annual
Conference 2006, Sydney, Australia
- Gareth M. Forde, James R. Friend, Michael Danquah, Ying Han, Jenny Ho,
Tom Williamson, Anthony D. Coomes, Fiona K. Giliam, Miranda J. Horsfall, Sid
Ghose and Nigel K.H. Slater, ‘Production and Purification of Plasmid DNA’.
Fermentation and Bioprocessing National Conference. Fermentation &
Bioprocessing Interest Group, AusBiotech, 2006
- Gareth M. Forde, James Friend, Michael Danquah, Ying Han, Tom
Williamson, Anthony Coomes, Fiona Giliam, and Miranda Horsfall, 'Plasmid DNA
Purification and Formulation for Vaccine Applications', AIChE Annual
Meeting, Cincinnati, US, 2005.
- Danquah M. K, Arthur L, Sipitey D, Boateng B, Twimasi A., Plant design
for the continuous milling of palm oil and palm kernel oil - 1st Edition,
UST Printing Press, Kumasi, Ghana, 2004.
- Danquah M. K, Arthur L, Sipitey D., Mensah M., Development of
Environmental Management Assessment Plan (EMAP), Critical Review and
Analysis of Vegetable Oil Industry - 1st Edition, TECH Printing Press,
Ghana, 2004
- Danquah M. K, Arthur L, Sipitey D., Govina E., Larbie N., Momade Z.,
Analysis of different brands of iodated salt on the local market, process
development of physical, chemical and bacterial plate count analysis of
varieties of iodated salt - 1st Edition, KNUST Printing Press, Ghana, 2003
Postgraduate Researchers
Ying Han
MEng. (Pulp and Papermaking Technology), AIT - BKK, 2003
Email: ying.han@eng.monash.edu.au
Office: 105, building 37
Current work
DNA binding protein affinity ligands for the production and delivery of
vaccines
One of the central challenges in delivering vaccine and popular gene
therapy products is to develop a vector that is able to safely introduce the
product to the target cells. Plasmid DNA as a non-viral gene therapy
expression vector has the dual advantages of being free from specific safety
concerns associated with viruses and generally simpler to develop. In
medical therapy, pDNA may be used to treat monogenic diseases, cancer and
infectious diseases. The potential use of pDNA in vaccines has also been
shown through the expression of specific antigens on cell membranes that
help to stimulate the immune system's response and memory. As a result of
these findings, there is an increasing demand on the biotechnology industry
to supply purified pDNA for gene therapy, vaccine and research applications.
The current purification of plasmid DNA may not be sufficiently specific and
may be associated with the co-purification of the impurities such as anionic
polymers of a similar structure (i.e. gDNA, RNA, and endotoxins). Affinity
purification methods proposed in this research are targeted to overcome the
co-purification of contaminants. Affinity purification mechanisms employ a
stationary immobilized ligand attached to an insoluble solid phase matrix. A
mobile liquid phase containing the target biomolecule is applied to the
matrix under conditions that favour its specific binding to the immobilized
ligand. Unbound and weakly bound substances are washed away and the
substance of interest can be recovered by changing the process conditions to
favour the desorption. The development of ligand in this research would
simplify pDNA purification systems by requiring only one post-lysis
clarification unit operation. The need for large amounts of a new
biomolecule such as pDNA can be addressed. Supervisor: Dr. Gareth M Forde
Jenny Ho
- PhD (Bio-Chemical Engineering), 2005 - present
- Doctoral Thesis: Synthesis of Inorganic-Biodegradable Polymer
Composite Particles for Staged Delivery of a Prime-Boost Vaccination
- BEng. (1st Class Honours) Chemical Engineering, University of
Technology Malaysia, 2005
- Email: jenny.ho@eng.monash.edu.au
- Tel: +61 3 9905 1867
- Fax: +61 3 9905 5686
- Office: Room 202, Building 69 Engineering

Annually, more than 1.3 million deaths and US$535 million in medical
expenditure are attributed to unsafe injection practices. Nasal delivery
of drugs/vaccines has been an area of interest for the pharmaceutical
industries in recent years to overcome the alarming pattern of unsafe
injection practices and the poor availability of orally administrated
and injectable vaccines. Particles for nasally inhalation offer a
non-invasive administration route that will remove the need for
injecting vaccines and make vaccines accessible to a larger population.
In my PhD project, inorganic-biodegradable polymer composites, which
will encapsulate DNA and protein in different segments and enable the
staged delivery of a prime-boost vaccine via the nasal tract, will be
investigated. These “smart” particles aim to improve the immunization
responses from vaccines, and the transportation and presentation of
antigen by the antigen presenting cells. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) is gaining
increasing interest as a human therapeutic due to its application as a
non-viral vector in gene therapy and genetic vaccination. This is
attributed to DNA being non-infectious, encoding only the antigen of
interest and not containing protein components to which the host may
respond. The advent of particulate delivery systems for the
administration of DNA through the nasal route is relatively new. The
development of an effective carrier system may be the key element in
improving and homogenizing the overall immune response to vaccines. In
this current study, a novel synthesis of mesoporous silica particles has
been developed by using a simple electrolyte and inexpensive commercial
inorganic silica colloids (Ho et al., 2007). This new method will offer
a great flexibility in tuning or tailoring the pore size of the
mesoporous silica spheres to match specific molecules or applications,
and to produce large quantities of mesoporous silica spheres for
potential use in bio-nanotechnology, drug delivery and inorganic
adsorbent applications. Mesoporous silica spheres at the sub-micrometer
and micrometer scale (0.5 to 1.6 μm) with a tailored pore size (14.1 to
28.8 nm) has been obtained. Adsorption of protein onto these particles
as a controlled delivery platform and the in vitro release profile has
been investigated (Ho et al., 2008). Adhesive properties of
biodegradable polymer make them suitable for transmucosal delivery
applications and prolong the contact time of drugs with the nasal
surface. Moreover, these biodegradable polymers can degrade to
toxicologically harmless products. In this PhD study, a
microencapsulation method using ultrasonic atomization with a concentric
feeding is used to synthesize biodegradable polymer microspheres
(10-20µm) that encapsulate both the pDNA and mesoporous silica spheres
loaded with protein. This method can minimize the contact time between
the biopharmaceuticals and organic solvent. The use of ultrasonic
atomization for the production of biopharmaceuticals containing
biodegradable polymer particles is a comparatively new application (Ho
et al., 2008). The advantages of this atomization are the possibility of
particle size control, and the fact that it does not require elevated
temperature and phase separation inducing agents. This novel technology
appears to have the potential for aseptic manufacturing and easy
up-scaling for industrial applications. Publications and
Presentations
- Jenny Ho, Huanting Wang, Gareth M. Forde, ‘Process Considerations
related to the Microencapsulation of plasmid DNA via Ultrasonic Atomization’, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, In press.
- Jenny Ho, Michael Danquah, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang,
‘Protein Loaded Mesoporous Silica as a Controlled Delivery Platform’,
Journal of Chemical technology and Biotechnology 83 (2008) 351 - 358.
- Jenny Ho, Wei Zhu, Huanting Wang, Gareth M. Forde, ‘Mesoporous Silica
Spheres from Colloids’, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 308
(2007) 374-380.
- Jenny Ho, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang, ‘Inorganic-Organic
Composite Particle as a Staged Delivery Platform for Plasmid DNA-Based
Biopharmaceuticals’, AIChE Annual Meeting, Utah, US, November 2007.
- Jenny Ho, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang, ‘Synthesis of
Mesoporous Silica for Controlled Biomolecule Delivery’, CHEMECA
Proceeding, 24-26 September 2007.
- Jenny Ho, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang,
‘Inorganic-Biodegradable Polymer Composite Spheres as a Controlled
Vaccine Delivery Platform’, SBE’s 3rd International Conference on
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 12-15 August 2007.
- Jenny Ho, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang, ‘Nasal Delivery
Platform for Plasmid DNA Based Vaccines’, Monash University Engineering
Research Poster Competition, August 2007. (Runner-Up Best Engineering
Research Poster Award)
- Jenny Ho, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang, ‘Mesoporous Silica and
Polymer Hybrid Structure for Controlled Biopharmaceuticals Delivery’,
Monash Infection and Immunity Network Symposium, 28 June 2007.
- Jenny Ho, Gareth M. Forde, Huanting Wang,
‘Nanoparticles-Biodegradable Polymer Particle for Staged Delivery of a
Prime-Boost Vaccination’, Bioengineering Symposium, Monash University,
2005. (Best Poster Award)
Professional Affiliations
- 2006 – Present Student Member, Engineers Australia
- 2007 – Present Complimentary Student Membership, AusBiotech Student
Association
- 2007 – Present Graduate Members, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers (AIChE)
- 2007 – Present Graduate Members, Society for Biological Engineering
(An AIChE Technological Community)
Shan Liu
- Bioengineering, HZAU, China, 2007

- Office: RM 117, BLDG 37 (Picture 13)
- Email: shan.liu@eng.monash.edu.au
- Supervisor: Dr. Gareth M Forde
Current Work
Synthesis and delivery of a biodegradable polymer encapsulated
malaria DNA vaccine
Each year up to 2.7 million people die as a result of malaria, caused by
infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Currently available malaria
control measures could be enhanced by plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines to
activate both cell-mediated immunity and classical humoral responses.
Compared to conventional vaccines, pDNA-based vaccines have advantages
with respect to stability, safety, mobility and expense.
Despite significant benefits, pDNA vaccines depend on hosts to produce
antigen and then induce specific immune responses. Therefore, efficient
transfection is required to generate sufficient quantities of antigen.
Nevertheless the transfection efficiency of naked pDNA does not meet the
threshold value. Post administration, naked pDNA is susceptible to
degradation by serum enzymes. Upon entry into a host cell, the transport
of pDNA across cell membranes is still limited by the large hydrodynamic
diameters and negative surface charge of pDNA. After endocytosis, the
pDNA travels through the endosome-lysosome compartment, where it may be
degraded. Given these problems, biodegradable polymer encapsulated pDNA
vaccines are necessary. This research aims to achieve significant
improvements in the synthesis and delivery of malaria vaccine particles
suitable for intramuscular administration.
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