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Dr Raman Singh

MSc (Chemistry) 1984 PhD (Metallurgical Engineering), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, 1993

Associate Professor

email: raman.singh@eng.monash.edu.au
phone: +61 (3) 9905 3671
fax: +61 (3) 9905 1825
Room G08, Building 31 Engineering

Professional Appointments

  • 2007-Present: Associate Professor, Departments of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering , Monash University
  • 2005 -2006: Senior Lecturer, Departments of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering , Monash University
  • 2003-2004: Visiting Professor, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC
  • 2001-2005: Senior Research Fellow, Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University (Melbourne)
  • 1998-2000: Australian Postdoctoral Fellow (ARC), Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University (Melbourne)
  • 1994-1997: Research Associate, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney
  • 1985-1994: Research Scientist / Senior Research Scientist, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Indian Department of Atomic Energy.

Professional Affiliations/Responsibilities 

  • Member, American Society of Metals (ASM),
  • Member, The Metals, Materials and Minerals Society (TMS),
  • Member, Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA),
  • Life Member, Indian Institute of Metals (IIM),
  • Life Member, Indian Institute of Non-destructive Testing (ISNT),
  • Member, Key Review Board, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A (Pub: ASM), 2005-2007,
  • Guest Editor, Special Issues, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping (Pub: Elsevier), 2004 and 2006,
  • Guest Editor, Special Issue of Engineering Failure Analysis (Pub: Elsevier), 2003,
  • Associate Editor, Corrosion and Materials (Pub: Australasian Corrosion Association)
  • Co-Chairman, Biannual International Conf. Operating Pressure Equipment Conference and Exhibition (Organiser: Materials Australia and Welding Technology Institute of Australia),
  • Co-Chairman, International Conference on Failure Analysis-2002, Melbourne,
  • Co-Chairman, International Conference & Exhibition on Failure Analysis and Maintenance Technologies -2004, Brisbane, Australia.
  • Co-Convenor, International Conf on Operating Pressure Equipment – 2006, Chennai, India.

Current Research Interests and Responsibilities 

  • Leader, Corrosion Research Group, Departments of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering
  • Corrosion of Nanostructured Materials,
  • Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steels and their Weldments,
  • High Temperature Gaseous Corrosion of Steels and their Weldments,
  • Failure Analysis of Industrial Metallic Components,
  • Stress Corrosion Cracking in the Industrial Caustic and Chloride Environments,
  • High Temperature Corrosion in the Context of Maintenance and Life, Assessment of Steam-generators/boilers of Thermal/Nuclear Power Plants
  • Advanced Corrosion Resistance Coatings,
  • Microbiologically-induced Corrosion of Steels and their Weldments,
  • Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys,
  • Characterisation of Corrosion using Electron Optical Techniques.

Major Research Collaborations

  • Dr. R. Bayles, US Naval Research Lab, Washington DC,
  • Prof. Carl Koch, North Carolina State University,
  • Prof. R.C. Newman, Univ of Toronto,
  • Dr. Jy-An Wang, Oak Ridge National Lab, USA,
  • Prof. B.S. Murty, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai,
  • Prof. V. Desai (VP, Research), New Mexico State Univ, USA,
  • Prof. A.K. Shukla, Director, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, India
  • Assoc. Prof. P. Singh, Georgia Tech, USA,
  • Dr. B. Hinton, Defence Science & Technol Organisation, Australia,
  • Prof. M. Brandt, Swinburne Univ, Australia,
  • Prof. J. Matisons, Flinders Univ, Australia.

Major Competitive Research Grants

  • Sole Chief Investigator: ARC Discovery (A$ 280,000): Corrosion Resistance of Nanocrystalline Materials (2006-2009).
  • First Chief Investigator: ARC Discovery (A$ 140,000): Mitigation of SCC by Thermo-mechanical Treatment at Crack-tip (2004-2007).
  • First Chief Investigator: ARC Linkage (A$270,000): Caustic stress corrosion cracking research (2006-2009),
  • First Chief Investigator: ARC Linkage (A$125,000): Development of new fracture mechanics based testing technique for stress corrosion cracking (2005-2009),
  • First Chief Investigator: ARC Linkage Grant (A$250,000): Chloride stress corrosion cracking research (2003-2007),
  • First Chief Investigator: ARC Linkage (A$105,000): Interplay of microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) and stress corrosion cracking research (2005-2007),
  • Chief Investigator: ARC SPIRT Grant (A$210,000): Caustic stress corrosion cracking research (1998-2000).

Laboratories and Testing Facilities

  • Electrochemical Corrosion Laboratory: Four high performance, and several common-user Potentiostats,
  • Stress Corrosion Cracking Laboratory: Fifteen novel Circumferential Notch Torsion (CNT) rigs for determination of KISCC and Five Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT) rigs for testing in high temperature chloride and caustic solutions, and under imposed electrochemical conditions.
  • Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) Laboratory: Facilities for microbiological isolation, culturing, microscopy and MIC testing

Selected Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications

     2008

  • M. Bobby Kannan and R.K. Singh Raman, In-vitro Degradation and Mechanical Integrity of Calcium-Containing Magnesium Alloys in Modified-Simulated Body Fluid, Biomaterials, 29 (2008) 2306-14.
  • R. Gupta, R K Singh Raman and C. C. Koch, Grain Growth Behaviour and Consolidation of Ball Milled Nanocrystalline Fe-10Cr Alloy, Materials Science and Engineering A, accepted for publication (2008).
  • M. Bobby Kannan and R.K. Singh Raman, Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of AZ91 alloy in Modified-Simulated Body Fluid for Orthopaedic Implant Application, Scripta Materialia, accepted for publication (2008).
  • P.J. Antony, R.K. Singh Raman, R. Mohanram, P. Kumar, R. Raman, Influence of Thermal Aging on Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)-induced Corrosion Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205, Corrosion Science, accepted for publication (2008).
  • R. Rihan, R.K. Singh Raman and R.N. Ibrahim, Circumferential Notched Tensile (CNT) Testing for Correlation of Stress Intensity Factor (KI) and Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rate, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, accepted for publication (2008).
  • R.K. Singh Raman, R.N. Ibrahim, F. Wu and R. Rihan, Thermo-mechanical Manipulation of Crack-tip Stress Field for Resistance to Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, accepted for publication (2008).
  • R.N. Ibrahim, R. Rihan and R.K. Singh Raman, Validity of a New Fracture Mechanics Technique for the Determination of the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor (KIscc) and Crack Growth Rate of Engineering Materials, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 75 (6) (2008) 1623-34.
  • F. W. Wu, R. N. Ibrahim, R. K. Singh Raman and R. Das, Two-step linear elastic finite element analysis: A new approach for evaluation fracture toughness for CNT specimens, International J Fatigue and Fracture, accepted for publication (2008).

     2007

  • R.K. Singh Raman (Invited Guest Editorial), Surface Modification for Mitigation of Corrosion/Localized Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys, Surface Engineering, 23 (5) (2007) 319-323.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, R. Rihan and R.N. Ibrahim, Circumferential notch tensile (CNT) testing to characterize the role of imposed electrochemical potentials in susceptibility of steel to caustic cracking, J. The Electrochemical Society, 154 (11) (2007) C658-C662.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, R. Rihan and R.N. Ibrahim, Role of Imposed Potentials in Threshold for Cracking Susceptibility (KISCC): Investigations using Circumferential Notch Tensile (CNT) Testing, Corrosion Science, 49 (2007) 4386-4395.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and A. Saxena, Role of Imposed Potential in Expanding the Regime of Strain Rates for Caustic Cracking, J. The Electrochemical Society, 154 (9) (2007) C451-C457.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and A. Al-Mazrouee, High Temperature Oxidation of Cr-Mo Steels and its Relevance to Accelerated Rupture Testing and Life Assessment of In-Service Components, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 38A (8) (2007) 1750.
  • M. Bobby Kannan, W. Dietzel, R.K. Singh Raman and P. Lyon, Hydrogen-induced-Cracking in Magnesium Alloy under Cathodic Polarization, Scripta Materialia 57 (2007), 579-581.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, R. Rihan and R.N. Ibrahim, Validity of a Novel Approach to Determination of Threshold for Stress Corrosion Cracking (KISCC), Materials Science and Engineering A, 452 (2007) 652-56.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, S. Murray and M. Brandt, Laser-Assisted Modification of Surface Microstructure for Localized Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys, Surface Engineering, 23 (2007) 107-11.
  • A. Al-Mazrouee, R.K. Singh Raman, High Temperature Oxidation of Cr-Mo Steels in the Context of Accelerated Rupture Testing for Creep Life Prediction, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology-Transactions of the ASME, 129 (3) (2007) 454-459.

     2006

  •  R.K. Singh Raman, Role of Caustic Concentration and Electrochemical Potentials in Caustic Cracking of Steels, Materials Science and Engineering A, 441 (2006) 342.
  •  R.K. Singh Raman, R. Rihan and R.N. Ibrahim, A Novel Approach to Determination of Threshold for Stress Corrosion Cracking (KISCC) using Round Tensile Specimens, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37 A (2006) 2963-73.
  • R. Rihan, R.K. Singh Raman and R.N. Ibrahim, Determination of Crack Growth Rate and Threshold for Caustic Cracking (Kiscc) of a Cast Iron Using Small Circumferential Notched Tensile (CNT) Specimens, Materials Science and Engineering A, 425 (2006) 272.
  • R. Javaherdashti, R. K. Singh Raman, Panter C and E. V. Pereloma, Microbiologically Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Mixed and Pure Cultures of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 58 (2006) 27-35.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, Characterisation of ‘Rolled-in’, ‘Fragmented’ And ‘Red’ Scale Formation During Secondary Processing of Steels, Engineering Failure Analysis, 13 (2006) 1044.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and R. Bayles, Detection of Decohesion/Cracking of Industrial Paint/Coating by Speckle Pattern Interferometry, Engineering Failure Analysis, 13 (2006) 1051.
  • A Saxena, R K Singh Raman and B C Muddle, Slow Strain Rate Testing for Monitoring Caustic Cracking of Mild Steels for Vessels and Pipes for Alumina Processing, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping, 83 (2006) 394.
  • R. Rihan, R.K. Singh Raman and R.N. Ibrahim, Circumferential Notched Tensile (CNT) Tests for Generating KISCC Data for Cast Iron Vessels Used in Hot Caustic Solutions, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping, 83 (2006) 388.

    2005

  • R.K. Singh Raman, Evaluation of Caustic Embrittlement Susceptibility of Steels by Slow Strain Rate Testing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 36 A (2005) 1817-23.
  • R. Rihan, R.K. Singh Raman and R.N. Ibrahim, Circumferential Notched Tensile (CNT) Testing of Cast Iron for Determination of Threshold (KIscc) for Caustic Crack Propagation, Materials Science and Engineering A, 407 (2005) 207.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, R. Javaherdashti, C. Panter and E.V. Pereloma, Hydrogen Embrittlement of a Low Carbon Steel during Slow Strain Testing in Chloride Solutions Containing Sulphate Reducing Bacteria, Materials Science and Technology, 21 (9) (2005) 1094-98.
  • A. Al-Mazrouee, R.K. Singh Raman and R.N. Ibrahim, Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Oxide Scaling of Cr-Mo Steel Weldments, J. Materials Processing Technology, 164-65 (2005) 964.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and R. Bayles, Characterisation of Decohesion/Cracking of Paint and Coatings by Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry, Materials Science and Technology 21 (2) (2005), 232-236.

     2004

  • R.K. Singh Raman, The Role of Microstructure in Localized Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 35 A (2004) 2525.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, N. Birbilis and J. Efthimiadis, Corrosion of Mg Alloy AZ91 – The role of microstructure, Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology, 39 (4) (2004), 346-350.
  • R. K. Singh Raman, R. Chaturvedi and B.C. Muddle, Microstructure-Assisted Localized Corrosion of a Magnesium Alloy, Corrosion and Materials, 29 (4) (2004) S1-S4.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Graphite Cast Iron Component, Engineering Failure Analysis, 11 (2004) 199.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, Stress Corrosion Cracking of Vessels and Pipes for Alumina Processing in Aggressive Caustic Solutions, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping, 81 (6) (2004) 557-561.
  • Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and R. K. Singh Raman, Mechanical Properties and Non-Destructive Evaluation of Chromium-Molybdenum Ferritic Steels for Steam Generator Applications, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping, 81 (6) (2004) 521-534.

     2003

  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, Investigation of Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Carbon Steel by Slow Strain Rate Testing, Materials Science and Technology, 19 (2003) 642-45.
  • B. Gleeson, R.K. Singh Raman, and D.J. Young, Effects of Silicon and Steam on the Short-Term Oxidation Behavior of Carbon Steels, Current Advances in Materials and Processes-ISIJ, 16 (2003) 1345-1348.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron: Characterisation of an Ex-service Component, Materials Science and Technology, 19 (2003) 1746-50.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron: Laboratory Investigation, Materials Science and Technology 19 (2003) 1751-54.
  • D. Ratna, R. Varley, R.K. Singh Raman and G.P. Simon, Studies on Epoxy/Hyperbranched Polymer Blends, J. Mater. Sci. 38(1) (2003) 147.
  • D. Ratna, N.R. Manoj, R.K. Singh Raman, R. Varley and G.P. Simon, Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites Polymer International, 52(9) (2003) 1403.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, Interplay of Microbiological Corrosion and Alloy Microstructure in Stress Corrosion Cracking of Advanced Stainless Steels, Sadhana (J. of Indian Academy of Sciences), Invited Paper, Special Issue (Frontiers in Materials Science, 28 (2003) 467.

     2002 - 1986

  • R.K. Singh Raman, Thermal Scaling Behaviour of Weldments of 9Cr-1Mo Steel and its Relevance to the Life Assessment of Fossil Fuel Power Plant Components, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 33A (2002) 3296.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, High Temperature Oxidation in the Context of Life Assessment and Microstructural Degradation of Weldments of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping, 79 (2002) 585.
  • R. K. Singh Raman, P. Fekitoa, D. Ratna and S. Bandyopadhyay, Characterisation of a High Density Polyethylene by Green and Red Laser Raman Spectroscopy, J. Polymer Materials 10 (2001) 7.
  • R. K. Singh Raman, Relevance of High Temperature Oxidation in Life Assessment and Microstructural Degradation of Cr-Mo Steel Weldments, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 31 A (2000) 3101.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and B.C. Muddle, Role of High Temperature Corrosion in Life Assessment and Microstructural Degradation of Cr-Mo Steel Weldments, International J. Pressure Vessel and Piping, 77 (2000) 117.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, Advanced Diffusion Barrier Coatings for High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Carbon-Carbon Composites, Advances in Technology of Materials and Materials Processing J. 2 (1) (2000) 1.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, Role of Gaseous Environment and Secondary Precipitation in Microstructural Degradation of Cr-Mo Steel Weldments at High Temperatures, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 30A (1999) 2103.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, Role of Microstructural Degradation in the HAZ of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Weldments on Sub-scale Features during Steam Oxidation and their Role in Weld Failures, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 28 A (1998) 577.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, B. Gleeson and D.J. Young, Laser Raman Spectroscopy: A Technique for Quick Characterisation of Oxide Scale Layers, Materials Science and Technology, 14 (1998) 373.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, A.K. Tyagi, J.B. Gnanamoorthy, B. Raj and S.K. Roy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy and Surface Profilometric Characterisation of Oxide Scales Developed over Welds Metal, Heat Affected Zone and Base Metal Regions in the Weldments of 9Cr-1Mo steel, Materials Science and Technology, 14 (1998) 362.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, P. Fekitoa and S. Bandyopadhyay, A New Raman Peak in High Density Polyethylene, J. Materials Science Letters, 17 (1998) 289.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, Influence of Microstructural Variations on the Oxidation of Weldment of 2.25Cr 1Mo Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 26A (1995) 1847.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Oxidation Behaviour of the Weld Metal, the Heat Affected Zone and the Base Metal Regions in the Weldment of 'Chrome Moly' Steels, Welding Journal - Research Suppl., April 1995, p.133-s.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and A.K. Tyagi, SIMS and Surface Profilometric Characterization of Oxide Scales Developed over Different Regions of Weldments of 2.25Cr 1Mo Steel, Materials Science and Engineering A, 185 (1994) 97.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and A.K. Tyagi, SIMS and SEM Analyses on Grain Boundary Oxides in 9Cr 1Mo Steel and their Influence on Scale Stabilities, Materials Science and Technology, 10 (1994) 27.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and J.B.Gnanamoorthy, Improvement of Oxidation Resistance of Metals and Alloys by High Temperature Coating and Laser Treatment, Surface Engineering, 10 (1994) 14.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, J.B. Gnanamoorthy and S.K.Roy, Synergistic Influence of Alloy Grain Size and Si Content on the Oxidation and Spallation Behaviour of 9Cr 1Mo Steel, Oxidation of Metals, 42 (1994) 335.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, A.K. Tyagi, K. Krishan and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, SIMS and SEM Characterization of Ridges of Grain Boundary Oxides in 9Cr 1Mo Steel with Different Si contents, and the Influence of Grain size on Scale Stabilities, Materials Science and Technology, 10 (1994) 592.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, K. Laha, J.B. Gnanamoorthy and S.K. Roy, Oxidation Behavior of Microstructurally Different Regions of Weldments of 9Cr 1Mo Steel, Oxidation of Metals, 42 (1994) 31.
  • M.G. Pujar, R.K. Dayal, R.K. Singh Raman, Corrosion Behaviour of Laser Surface Melted, Plasma Coating on MS and Cr coated 9Cr 1Mo Steel, J. Mater. Engng. Performance, 3 (3) (1994) 412-18.
  • R. Krishnan, R.K. Singh Raman, K. Varatharajan and A.K. Tyagi, Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Different Regions in the Weldment of Mild Steel, J. Materials Science Letters, 13 (1994) 1618.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, The Oxidation Behaviour of the Weld Metal, Heat Affected Zone and Base Metal in the Weldments of 2.25Cr 1Mo Steel, Corrosion Science, 34 (1993) 1275.
  • A.S. Khanna, R.K. Singh Raman and E.W. Kreutz, Oxidation Resistance of Plasma Coated and Laser Treated Mild Steel, J. de Physique IV, 3 (9) (1993) 635-42.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, J.B. Gnanamoorthy and S.K. Roy, Oxidation Behaviour of 2.25Cr 1Mo steel with Prior Tempering at Different Temperatures, Oxidation of Metals, 40 (1993) 21.
  • G.V. Ramarao, P.V. Sivaprasad, R.K. Singh Raman, S.Venkadesan, S.L. Mannan, Thermoanalytical Investigation on the formation of YBa2Cu2O6.5, Thermochim. Acta, 230 (1993) 207.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and J.B.Gnanamoorthy, Oxidation Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel with Prior Tempering at 998K for Different Duration, J. Materials Science, 27 (1992) 3435.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Influence of Prior austenite Grain Size on the Oxidation Behaviour of 9Cr 1Mo Steel, Oxidation of Metals, 38 (1992) 483.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, A.S. Khanna, R.K. Tiwari and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Influence of Grain size on the Oxidation Resistance of 2.25Cr 1Mo steel, Oxidation of Metals, 37 (1992) 1.
  • A.S. Khanna, R.K. Singh Raman, E.W. Kreutz and A.L.E. Terrance, Effect of Stainless Steel Plasma Coating and Laser Treatments on the Oxidation of Mild Steel, Corrosion Science, 33 (1992) 949.
  • R.K. Singh Raman and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, The Stability of Oxide Scale and Oxidation Behaviour of 2.25Cr 1Mo steel during Thermal Cycling, Materials at High Temperature, 10 (1992) 171.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, J.B. Gnanamoorthy and S.K. Roy, Influence of Alloy Grain Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Steels with Different Cr Contents Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 46 (1992) 391.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, A.S. Khanna, B.K. Choudhary and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Effect of Thermal Ageing on the Oxidation Behaviour of 9Cr 1Mo Steel, Materials Science and Engineering A, 148 (1991) 299.
  • R.K.Singh Raman, A.S. Khanna and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Influence of Variation in Grain Size on the Oxidation Behaviour of Low chromium vis a vis that of High chromium Steels, J. Materials Science Letters, 9 (1990) 352.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, R.K. Dayal, A.S. Khanna and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Grain Size Effect on the Oxidation Resistance of 2.25Cr 1Mo Steel, J. Materials Science Letters, 8 (1989) 277.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, A.S. Khanna and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, Effect of Tempering Time on the Oxidation Behaviour of 2.25Cr 1Mo steel, Oxidation of Metals, 30 (1988) 345.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, F.C. Parida and A.S. Khanna, Thermal Degradation Behaviour of Sodium Fire Extinguishant Powder, J. Thermal Analyses, 34 (1988) 1043.
  • R.K. Singh Raman, F.C. Parida and S.R. Mukunda Rao, Smoke Release Behaviour of Burning Pools of Liquid Sodium, Nuclear Engineering Design, 98 (1986) 9.